List of Poetry Group

List of poetry groups and movements From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search | The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (November 2011) | Poetry groups and movements or schools may be self-identified by the poets that form them or defined by critics who see unifying characteristics of a body of work by more than one poet. To be a ‘school' a group of poets must share a common style or a common ethos.A commonality of form is not in itself sufficient to define a school; for example, Edward Lear, George du Maurier and Ogden Nash do not form a school simply because they all wrote limericks. There are many different ‘schools' of poetry. Some of them are described below in approximate chronological sequence. The subheadings indicate broadly the century in which a style arose. Contents * 1 Prehistoric * 2 Sixteenth century * 3 Sevente enth century * 4 Eighteenth century * 5 Nineteenth century * 6 Twentieth century * 7 Alphabetic list * 8 References| PrehistoricThe Oral tradition is too broad to be a strict school but it is a useful grouping of works whose origins either predate writing, or belong to cultures without writing. Sixteenth century The Castalian Band. Seventeenth century The Metaphysical poets The Cavalier poets The Danrin school Eighteenth century Classical poetry echoes the forms and values of classical antiquity. Favouring formal, restrained forms, it has recurred in various Neoclassical schools since the eighteenth century Augustan poets such as Alexander Pope.The most recent resurgence of Neoclassicism is religious and politically reactionary work of the likes of T. S. Eliot. Romanticism started in late 18th century Western Europe. Wordsworth's and Coleridge's 1798 publication of Lyrical Ballads is considered by some as the first important publication in the movement. Romanticism stressed strong e motion, imagination, freedom within or even from classical notions of form in art, and the rejection of established social conventions. It stressed the importance of â€Å"nature† in language and celebrated the achievements of those perceived as heroic individuals and artists.Romantic poets include William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats (those previous six sometimes referred to as the Big Six, or the Big Five without Blake); other Romantic poets include James Macpherson,Robert Southey, and Emily Bronte. Nineteenth century Pastoralism was originally a Hellenistic form, that romanticized rural subjects to the point of unreality. Later pastoral poets, such as Edmund Spenser, Christopher Marlowe, and William Wordsworth, were inspired by the classical pastoral poets.The Parnassians were a group of late 19th-century French poets, named after their journal, the Parnasse contemporain. They included Charles Leconte de Lisle, Theodore de Banville, Sully-Prudhomme, Paul Verlaine, Francois Coppee, and Jose Maria de Heredia. In reaction to the looser forms of romantic poetry, they strove for exact and faultless workmanship, selecting exotic and classical subjects, which they treated with rigidity of form and emotional detachment. Symbolism started in the late nineteenth century in France and Belgium.It included Paul Verlaine, Tristan Corbiere, Arthur Rimbaud, and Stephane Mallarme. Symbolists believed that art should aim to capture more absolute truths which could be accessed only by indirect methods. They used extensive metaphor, endowing particular images or objects with symbolic meaning. They were hostile to â€Å"plain meanings, declamations, false sentimentality and matter-of-fact description†. Modernist poetry is a broad term for poetry written between 1890 and 1970 in the tradition of Modernism. Schools within it include Imagism and the British Poetry Revival.The Fireside Poets (also known as the Schoolroom or Household Poets) were a group of 19th-century American poets from New England. The group is usually described as comprising Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, William Cullen Bryant, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.. Twentieth century The Imagists were (predominantly young) poets working in England and America in the early 20th century, including F. S. Flint, T. E. Hulme, and Hilda Doolittle (known primarily by her initials, H. D. ).They rejected Romantic and Victorian conventions, favoring precise imagery and clear, non-elevated language. Ezra Pound formulated and promoted many precepts and ideas of Imagism. His â€Å"In a Station of the Metro† (Roberts & Jacobs, 717), written in 1916, is often used as an example of Imagist poetry: The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough. The Objectivists were a loose-knit group of second-generation Modernists from the 1930s. They include Louis Zukofsky, Lorine Niedecker, Charles Reznikoff, George Oppen, Carl Rakosi, and Basil Bunting.Objectivists treated the poem as an object; they emphasised sincerity, intelligence, and the clarity of the poet's vision. The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement in the 1920s involving many African-American writers from the New York Neighbourhood of Harlem. The Beat generation poets met in New York in the 1940s. The core group were Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William S. Burroughs, who were joined later by Gregory Corso. The Confessionalists were American poets that emerged in the 1950s. They drew on personal history for their artistic inspiration.Poets in this group include Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, John Berryman, and Robert Lowell. The New York School was an informal group of poets active in 1950s New York City whose work was said to be a reaction to the Confessionalists. Some major figures include John Ashbery, Frank O'Hara, James Schuyler, Kenneth Koch, Barbara Guest, Joe Br ainard, Ron Padgett, Ted Berrigan and Bill Berkson. The Black Mountain poets (also known as the Projectivists) were a group of mid 20th century postmodern poets associated with Black Mountain College in the United States.The San Francisco Renaissance was initiated by Kenneth Rexroth and Madeline Gleason in Berkeley in the late 1940s. It included Robert Duncan, Jack Spicer, and Robin Blaser. They were consciously experimental and had close links to the Black Mountain and Beat poets. The Movement was a group of English writers including Kingsley Amis, Philip Larkin, Donald Alfred Davie, D. J. Enright, John Wain, Elizabeth Jennings and Robert Conquest. Their tone is anti-romantic and rational. The connection between the poets was described as â€Å"little more than a negative determination to avoid bad principles. The British Poetry Revival was a loose movement during the 1960s and 1970s. It was a Modernist reaction to the conservative Movement. The Hungry generation was a group of ab out 40 poets in West Bengal, India during 1961–1965 who revolted against the colonial canons in Bengali poetry and wanted to go back to their roots. The movement was spearheaded by Shakti Chattopadhyay, Malay Roy Choudhury, Samir Roychoudhury, and Subimal Basak. The Martian poets were English poets of the 1970s and early 1980s, including Craig Raine and Christopher Reid.Through the heavy use of curious, exotic, and humorous metaphors, Martian poetry aimed to break the grip of â€Å"the familiar† in English poetry, by describing ordinary things as if through the eyes of a Martian. The Language poets were avant garde poets from the last quarter of the 20th century. Their approach started with the modernist emphasis on method. They were reacting to the poetry of the Black Mountain and Beat poets. The poets included: Leslie Scalapino, Bruce Andrews, Charles Bernstein, Ron Silliman, Barrett Watten, Lyn Hejinian, Bob Perelman, Rae Armantrout, Carla Harryman, Clark Coolidge, Hannah Weiner, Susan Howe, and Tina Darragh.The New Formalism is a late-twentieth and early twenty-first century movement in American poetry that promotes a return to metrical and rhymed verse. Rather than looking to the Confessionalists, they look to Robert Frost, Richard Wilbur, James Merrill, Anthony Hecht, and Donald Justice for poetic influence. These poets are associated with the West Chester University Poetry Conference, and with literary journals like The New Criterion and The Hudson Review. Associated poets include Dana Gioia, Timothy Steele, Mark Jarman, Rachel Hadas, R. S.Gwynn, Charles Martin, Phillis Levin, Kay Ryan, Brad Leithauser. Alphabetic list This is a list of poetry groups and movements. * Absurdism * Aestheticism * Black Arts Movement * Cairo poets * Chhayavaad * Classical Chinese poetry * Crescent Moon Society * Cyclic Poets * Dadaism * Danrin school * Deep image * Della Cruscans * Dymock poets * Fugitives (poets) * Generation of '27| * Georgian poets * Goliar d * Graveyard poets * The Group (literature) * Harlem Renaissance * Harvard Aesthetes * Heptanese School (literature) * LakePoets * La Pleiade * Los Contemporaneos * Misty Poets * Modern Chinese poetry * Negritude * Net-poetry * New Apocalyptics| * Nijo poetic school * Others (art group) * Oulipo * Poetic transrealism * Rhymers' Club * Rochester Poets * Scottish Renaissance * Sicilian School * Poetry Slam * Sons of Ben * Southern Agrarians * Spasmodic poets * Spectrism * Surrealist poets * The poets of Elan * Uranian poetry| References This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) | [hide] * v * t * eSchools of poetry| | | Akhmatova's Orphans * Auden Group * The Beats * Black Arts Movement * Black Mountain poets * British Poetry Revival * Cairo poets * Castalian Band * Cavalier poets * Chhayavaad * Churchyard poets * Confessionalists * Creoli te * Cyclic poets * Dadaism * Deep image * Della Cruscans * Dolce Stil Novo * Dymock poets * Ecopoetry * The poets of Elan * Flarf * Fugitives * Garip * Gay Saber * Generation of '98 * Generation of '27 * Georgian poets * Goliard * The Group * Harlem Renaissance * Harvard Aesthetes * Hungry generation * Imagism * Informationist poetry * Jindyworobak * Lake Poets * Language poets * Martian poetry * Metaphysical poets * Misty Poets * Modernist poetry * The Movement * Negritude * New American Poetry * New Apocalyptics * New Formalism * New York School * Objectivists * Others group of artists * Parnassian poets * La Pleiade * Rhymers' Club * San Francisco Renaissance * Scottish Renaissance * Sicilian School * Sons of Ben * Southern Agrarians * Spasmodic poets * Sung poetry * Surrealism * Symbolism * Uranian poetry| | Categories: * Poetry movements Navigation menu * Create account * Log in * Article * Talk * Read * Edit * View history ——————†”————————— Top of Form Bottom of Form * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article * Donate to Wikipedia Interaction * Help * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia Toolbox Print/export Languages * Deutsch * Edit links * This page was last modified on 21 February 2013 at 05:54. * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. * Privacy policy * About Wikipedia * Disclaimers * Mobile view * *

How basketball taught me hard work and discipline Essay

Self-Presentation General purpose: how basketball taught me hard work and discipline Specific purpose: hard work can help achieve anything Thesis statement through basketball I learned how to work hard and discipline myself to achieve my goals in life My passion for the basketball started when I was in my second year of high school, basketball not only helped me grow but also taught me a lot of things that I use in my everyday life. My passion for the game began during my last year of middle school, but despite trying out for the middle school team I was not chosen to be a part of it. Although this was of great disappointment to me, it did not deter me from my love of the game. It made me more driven and determined to work hard during the summer prior to entering high school to ensure that I was in a position to try-out for the high school freshman team. I practiced morning, noon and night in 90 degree heat, perfecting my shot and working out to improve my skills. This hard work paid off, when I was chosen to be a part of the freshman team and I have continued to work hard during my high school years to be an asset to the varsity team. I feel sure that this experience of being a part of the high school basketball team has helped me become successful in my academic life. Being part of a team has instilled in me the responsibilities and work ethic that carries over into other aspects of my life and I feel sure that this will be extremely valuable in my future endeavors at the University. And really more precisely on hard work, there is a saying that â€Å"hard work beats talent, when talent fails to work hard.† I believe this because to me it means that no matter how good you are if you don’t work hard, your talent is nothing. If Michael Jordan had not believed in working hard then he would not have been anywhere near as good as he is today. You do not only need to work hard in sports in the classroom, and life in general. Working hard in the classroom will give you many advantages later in life. That way you can get into a good college, and get a good job later in life. In all this experience, the greatest thing I learn is that hard work pays off, Although the above experience and accomplishment of being chosen to be a part of a team has contributed and shaped the person I am today.

Mother Knows Best

Mother Knows Best There is a quote that says, â€Å"Mothers are angels who teach their children to fly. †Ã‚   Indeed mothers are angels, even though we often think that mothers were meant to torture us especially in our adolescent years when we would rather go out with friends instead of washing the dishes or doing our homework, our mothers nevertheless become our pillar, not just of faith but also of strength. Mothers may often be misunderstood but it does not mean that they don’t know best.My earliest memory of my mother is that of a radiant face. For me she was the most beautiful woman alive and nothing compares with her. Even if she was unlike the celebrity mothers who wear designer clothes or gets to eat in fancy restaurants all the time, my mother is, in other words, real. My mother seemed to be passive and quiet however she was a formidable foe if you cross her. I loved the way she combed her hair getting ready for bed, letting those deep brown locks loose, shiny against the glare of the overhead light.I loved the way she would  caringly wipe my back for perspiration after playing under   the hot sun all afternoon not minding the fact that I smelled like a sweaty sock worn for two weeks. On the incidents that my sibling and I cross my mother, those big green eyes of her would squint in disapproval, mouth pursed. But I came to love that about her. Even if I was born seven years after my brother, this never prompted her to play favorites. But rather, she made it a point to be fair and equal among her children.Whenever I commit a mistake, Mom would not hesitate to point it out to me, punish me if needed. Sometimes, I detested it but over time I came to realize that Mom did that because she only has the best interest at heart. However, she was not one to hold grudges for long. Like most mothers, she is very protective of me that often times I resented her for being so. I did not understand why she has to  constantly ask about my whereabou ts: who I am going with and where I was going. It never occurred to me that this was an essential part of being a mother.A mother cares and worries for her children. Mother taught me that getting reprimanded does not mean that she loves me less. On the contrary, she showed me that when she scolds me, it means that she cares for me and worries about me. Mother has certainly her own flaws but I have come to accept, in fact love every bit of them. When mom starts to call or page  me non-stop, it is either she misses me or she needs something or  I have irked her again. Some may call it nagging, I call it loving. For a person to wear her heart on her sleeves is a vulnerable thing, but mother is not vulnerable at all.In fact she is admirably strong. She never backs off in a fight especially if she knows she is right but she also knows how to compromise too. But compromising for her does not mean that you are wrong. Comprising is just another way of getting things done, later. When I started school, mom was my friend. To me, school was a world where strangers and bad guys lurk. Instead of laughing at my fears, mom showed me instead how great school can be. On my first day of school, she prepared my favorite snacks drove me school.Instead of leaving me at the gates, she got off the golf cart, knelt down and  tenderly cupped my face in both hands and told me, â€Å"Don’t worry honey, there isn’t any bad guys today, Mommy made them go away. †Ã‚   Although these words are pretty naive, but to a child on his first day of school, these words were more than enough to let him conquer his fears. I went to school that day knowing that Mom was there for me and I learned to enjoy school. I made new friends and introduced them to Mom who was more than happy to serve us hot cookies and milk for snacks.Although my mother was not able to achieve her goal of becoming getting a college degree, this never made her bitter but rather she motivated us to pursue our own education and goals in life. She taught us early on that education is very important that is why she never fails to motivate us in school. I know my mother is not perfect. She is only human thus has her own flaws too. But for me, these flaws are tiny imperfections that make her all the more lovable and perfect. These flaws are just evidences of her humanity. Mother is an angel who teaches us to fly and dream.

Business Management Affairs Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Business Management Affairs - Coursework Example A sole proprietorship brings the authority of running and controlling business activities to a single individual who can make important and minor decisions, control business environment and change policies where necessary. The accounting requirements and legal rules applicable on sole proprietors are less rigid and complex as compared to partnerships and companies. It is also considered to be on e of the cheapest forms of setting up a business (Gitman et al 2008). The advantages and disadvantages of sole proprietorship, however, need a deeper and keen observation to form a decision based on the examination of the three available options for us. This recommendation would provide advantages and disadvantages of sole trader, Limited Liability Company and partnerships. It would further conclude as to which venture is better for the organization. Advantages of a Sole Trader As highlighted above, there are a number of benefits that sole proprietorship brings for the sole owner of the busin ess. The first and the most rewarding benefit that this kind of business brings is the Controlling power that the owner receives. Sole trading maintains the highest level of autonomy in terms of running the business, choosing activities, methods and making autonomous decisions. A sole proprietor enjoys the autonomy of running the business in a manner that he wishes or considers appropriate to do so. A decision made by sole proprietor is not challenged by others in normal circumstances. The interference of other parties is less likely to influence the decisions of a sole trader and hence, the level of independence is upheld when setting up a business as a sole trader (Mifflin 2004; Gitman et al 2008). The second most attractive effect of dealing as a sole trader is the ability and right to retain the whole profit earned by the business. The sole traders are not required to distribute whole or part of their profits as required in the partnerships and companies. Another benefit that so le traders enjoy is the privacy of their data and business records. The companies are required to publicize their data and submit the annual reports to the companies’ house. The sole trader is free from such formalities required by the law or the stock market rules. It is also argued that sole proprietors are more responsible and specialist in terms of the nature and size of the business they are managing. The argument is supported by the view that sole proprietors are individually responsible for the profits and losses their business makes. Hence, the owners try to exercise such systems and controls which assure the long-lasting survival and profits of the business. In that, sole traders are also quicker and more efficient in making decisions about their business. Their observation of the customer’s demands and expectations help them in making informed judgements of what may help in the long run success of their business. They implement policies and change which aid t he business’s aim (Toit et al 2007; DeFrancesco 2006). Disadvantages of Sole Trader The advantages are not enjoyed without the risks of certain disadvantages surrounding the sole trading. Sole responsibility for the liabilities and losses is one the basic disadvantage that sole traders face. The sole proprietorship, further, does not acquire the separate legal entity status which disables such

Project Planning 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project Planning 2 - Research Paper Example Introduction Project planning is normally stressful to human and resource managers since there are many requirements including adequate resources, skilled staff and other tools important for the project completion. Also required is the organizing and communication of the project plan, scope and procurement activities as well as the breakdown structures necessary for the success of the program. This paper contains a memo that communicates the budget situation to the team members, ways of improving underperforming team members and the action plan to bring the project back to normal. Memo To: Team members From: Mary Tranquillo, Human resource head for the team Date: March 14, 2013 Subject: Budget situation It has come to my attention that some this project of human resource of revamping the employee compensation and the package has started to develop issues. It is so unfortunate since time is not on our side since we have already lost six weeks and seems like most of the members are not dedicated. I have also noted that some of the members are not keen with deadlines, and this is contributing to the much drag in our project. As a result, our budget looks to have been depleted faster than anticipated. We must bring this budget to track as a group. I strongly feel that there is lack of motivation in the group. As a form of encouraging the team members, there will be rewards for the best individuals who will perform best. This will include contests, bonuses, time off payouts and promotions. In addition, the group will also benefit by getting a 5% share of the total profits they contribute to the company. However, appropriate measures will be taken against the poor performing members of the team since we require an energetic team who are ready to contribute to the success of the team. Best, Mary. Ways to improve an underperforming team member Compensating for results: These are the benefits to employees from the company for the efforts employed which are either moneta ry or other benefits. Compensation plans should be designed in a manner that motivates and encourages the team members. Many plans include large incentive component including bonuses, trips, cars, commissions and stock options (Andris A., Zoltners, Prabha K. et al. 2001, 269). Compensation will be an easy thing to do especially if the work done is measurable and comparable. The best team member will be determined through the measurement of the individual performance where the results are compared and the one performing best is rewarded. Other forms of reward whose nature is personal, special and also unique rewards tend to be even motivating more than cash alone. In order to determine how much a team member will be compensated, different factors will be considered. These include the contribution of the team to the total earnings of the company and the type of industry. Also benchmarking among different industries is important so as to approximate the right amount or type of compensa tion (Andris et al. 2001, 281) Improving Team Member Accountability According to Berry (2001), team work is normally beneficial to the company, but underperformance of one member is a drawback to the team and this can be worse if the members tend to hold each other accountable. If the team member fails to undertake actions that are useful to the needs of the team, then team member accountability becomes an issue of concern. There

Team Effectiveness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Team Effectiveness - Essay Example Companies that utilize teamwork have a greater chance of achieving work synergy. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the topic of team effectiveness and team performance. The video Bridge’s Story – A Teamwork Aniboom Animation tells the story of a rabbit that thought he could survive on his own without the help of the other animals in the forest (Hoang, 2011). Instead of applying teamwork this rabbit was a destructive force to the other members of his habitat. He played with the food of the ants, harassed the birds, and destroyed the bridge the turtle was building for the animals to cross. The rabbit found out when he was drowning in the river that he needed a helping hand. This rabbit realized by working as a team with the other animals he could accomplish more than he ever would as a loner. The second video, The Power of Teamwork, discusses the importance of teamwork by focusing on the work performed by the Blue Angels pilots (Beare, McMillan, 2013). Share values are the foundation of good teamwork. It is imperative for a team to align its mission, vision, and its actions. The team has to be the priority of all members who must sacrifice their self-interest in order to achieve team goals. The use of teamwork must be present at all times within an organization. A good effective leader is able to lead others by example. A good leader identifies each team member’s strength to take advantage of them and improve performance and productivity in the workplace. Trust is an important element of teamwork. Trust can be defined as the belief that someone is good, reliable, honest, and effective (Merriam-webster, 2013). Achieving peak performance should be the objective of all teams. Synergy occurs when common people align their objectives (Beare, et al., 2013). Good communication is also an important factor that leads to team success. Communication in the workplace is of utter importance towards achieving the goals of a company. Managers that wan t for employees to work together as a cohesive team unit must build a bond of trust with the workers by effectively communicating with them. Teamwork without communication does not work. To effectively guide the actions of a team its leader has to maintain the lines of communication open at all times. Improper communication within a team can cause the employees to feel tensions and anxiety (Gluck, 2013). There are different strategies that the person in charge of a team can use to improve communication. For instance programming weekly meetings between the team members to openly discuss any issues anyone is facing is a good way to foster communication. A second strategy that can be used to improve communication within a team is to implement a feedback system. A third way to improve communication in a team is by practicing active listening. Active listening skills can help a person improve their productivity, their ability to listen, persuade, and negotiate with others (Mindtools, 201 3). There are common characteristics that effective teams share. Some of the characteristics of effective teams include common purpose and goals, interested in own processes, continually listen to each other, differences shared freely, identify and resolve conflicts, roles are balanced, trust, and commitment towards performance (Drexel, 2013). Effective teams must work together towards accomplishing common goals. A team member that is not focused on the goals of the team becomes a liability. Team members must

The self-esteem movement has caused young people to overvalue their Essay

The self-esteem movement has caused young people to overvalue their actual skills and has set many of them up for disappointmen - Essay Example 1). In considering this argument, it is important to note that studies have revealed that only about 12% of fourth graders are reading at grade level; and telling young learners that they are beautiful and gifted has not necessarily translated to higher test scores or better spelling skills (Colvin, p. 1). For which reason, various scholars have emphasized that the self-esteem movement has not achieved ideal goals for the students and for the educational system in general. It has instead gone too far in crediting children and other young people with skills which would not get them through the harsh realities of life. The self-esteem movement has also created an illusion for many young learners. It has overblown their self-concept and has seemingly given them more than a healthy dose of self-esteem. In other words, the movement has given them a bloated self-concept which seems to skate closely towards egotism and self-centeredness. This may be apparent in the case of bullies who have been â€Å"discovered to highly rate themselves in their academic performance and interpersonal relationships, and typically hold unrealistically positive self-esteem† (Tseng, p. 24). College professors also note that while citing spelling and grammatical errors, their students often claim that it is just the professor’s opinion. And these professors emphasize that wrong grammar and wrong spelling is not merely an opinion – it is just really bad writing (Jayson). Moreover, in assessing the different interests and values of teenagers and young learners, a survey was able to establish that when teenagers were asked about their biggest issues to date, one of their main issues is on "whether or not to have sex" and another concern is on their "popularity" (Psychauthors, p. 4). They expressed little concern for other issues like global warming, war, or politics. As compared to their parents' generations, these teens appear to display more self-confidence and self-est eem; but these qualities have not translated to happier and healthier teens. In fact, depression among teens seems to register at higher rates now than in the 1960s or 1970s; and not to mention, the number of teens suffering from eating disorders, anorexia and bulimia, have risen to alarming rates over the years (Psychauthors, p. 4). These numbers hardly express major gains in instilling improved self-concepts for young people; and if their academic gains were to be assessed, these show hardly any improvement at all. The self-esteem movement was conceptualized in order to give young learners the psychological tools to ward off bullies and other people who may underestimate their capabilities. These goals are to be admired; however, the overall impact that the movement has had on young people cannot be considered as major gains which can be used in the outside world. In the classroom, the movement emphasized that even if children made multiple grammatical and spelling mistakes in the ir schoolwork, these should be overlooked because it might damage their self-esteem (Jayson). However, as many of these young learners enter college where the merit system is based on strict and realistic standards, they often break at the slightest

Materials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Materials - Essay Example This paper focuses on the advancement of â€Å"non-clinker green cement† through the utilization of cement kiln dust (CKD) and fly ash (FA) (Shah & Wang 16). CKD has incompletely calcified substances possessing hydraulic and cementitious qualities. In addition, sulfate, alkali, and chloride elements are high and may affect the quality of cement performance. FA, on the other hand, contains mostly vitrified alumina-silica melt and minute amounts of crystalline elements such mullet, quartz, and mica (Shah & Wang 16). Previous research indicates that appropriate blending of CKD and FA may yield a cementitious matter, thus changing waste into useful substances. This paper looks at three methodologies of activating the hydration of CKD-FA binders. These are mechanical, thermal, and chemical. Chemical activation involves the addition of 2 % and 5% sodium hydroxide to the CKD-FA systems. Thermal activation entails curing at temperatures between 38 and 50oC in comparison with curing at 24oC. The study utilizes various compositions of FAs and CKDs. Finally, mechanical activation engages various grinding regimens ranging from simple, vibratory mill, ball mill, combined (ball mill and vibratory mill grinding) and grinding aid in the form of high-speed mixing (Shah & Wang 17). The process realizes that various activation methods give various strengths at different compositions of CKD and FA. For example, highest strength arises from the addition of 2% NaOH to a binder comprising of equal quantities of CKD and FA cured at 38oC (27 MPa (4000 psi) at age of 56 days) (Shah & Wang 17). Grinding activates the materials both chemically and mechanically. This paper, therefore, concludes that estringitte is the key crystalline hydration outcome of CKD-FA, vibrator grinding for four hours is the most efficient mechanic-chemical activation technique. Addition of NaOH hastens chemical disbanding but lowers estringitte development in hydration of the binder. Overall, utilization of

Defamation and the First Amendment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Defamation and the First Amendment - Term Paper Example However, what is to be said of the extents of free speech guaranteed Americans in the First Amendment To what point does the First Amendment guarantee that someone may speak freely about someone else, albeit in a negative light Here, it will be examined: what constitutes defamation; what constitutes free speech as guaranteed by the First Amendment; and what happens in defamation cases. In other words, defamation of a person can range from someone making a comment or critique in presence of a third party, or can include written communications that a third party sees. (This does not include personal letters to one person that are not seen by a third party.)5 Anything defamatory is considered "that which tends to injure reputationdiminish[es] the esteem, respect, goodwill or confidence in which the plaintiff is held, orexcite[s] adverse, derogatory or unpleasant feelings or opinions against him."6 A communication is considered defamatory "if it tends to harm the reputation of another as to lower him in the estimation of the community or to deter third persons from associating or dealing with him."7 In this instance, the "meaning of a communication is that which the recipient correctly, or mistakenly but reasonably, understands that it was intended to express."8 First Amendment guarantees the freedom of speech, along with the freedom of religion, the press, and peaceful assembly. Specifically, the First Amendment reads as follows: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances."9 Madison's original draft of the First Amendment read, 'The people shall not be deprived or abridged of their right to speak, to write, or to publish their sentiments; and the freedom of the press, as one of the great bulwarks of liberty, shall be inviolable.''10 If it had been approved, this would have probably been a much more liberal version of the amendment than we have now. To speak, write, and publish one's sentiments without being deprived or abrid

Medical Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medical Care - Essay Example It could be government organization, health care industry or an institution, hospital or medical laboratory, staff of physicians and nurses, therapists, psychologists, pharmacists, chiropractors and optometrists. Patients do receive medical care depending upon the urgency and priorities (WHO, 2000). b. Chronic care management- include education programme of the patients especially in the cases of diabetes, high blood pressure, lupus, multiple sclerosis and sleep apnea. The medical care unit focus on the disease management, motivation of the patient for the persistence of the therapy and also encouraging the patients psychologically to achieve speedy recovery. Various studies have been carried out to manifest is there any difference in the survival rate of a particular race (White over Black), but most of the studies state that in cases of critical illness or acute diseases like cancer, AIDS separate units and funds are formulated to provide better medical care to the hospitalized subject and there is absolutely no differentiation exist between the survival ratio of blacks and whites (Optenberg, 1995). Although health care policy formulators, management and consumers seeking medical benefits are always concerned about the access to medical care but various programs are being implemented like Medicaid, Medicare, National Health insurance, health education and nutrition programs, various paramedical training programs and HMOs aim to provide equal access to medical care for large group of population. Constant evaluation is desired for measuring the accessibility of the consumer (patient) (Aday, 1974). Argument against: Disparity in health services are observed in American health system due to racial prejudice and distinction in patient admittance to care, insurance condition, sociodemographic and clinical attributes and also handling inclinations. Those who were uninsured, or whose concern is sponsorship mostly from hospital limitations, such alterations could potentially affect either access to hospital care or the excellence of care after the patients admittance to hospitals (Vollpp, 2006). Opinion: Aspects of medical care be such that equal priority and benefit must be availed to the patients carrying similar illness, moreover utilization of various medical care services should be for the better health and recovery of the patient and to the satisfaction of the patient. No discrimination should be promoted as humanity is above all and medical care must set the paradigm for this by counting humanity over economy. References 1. Aday, L., A., Andersen, R., 1974, A framework for the study of Access to Medical Care. Health Ser.Res. Fall; 9(3): 208-220. 2. Optenberg, S., A., Thompson, I., M., Friedrichs, P., Wojcik, B., Stein, C., R., Kramer, B., Race, treatment, and long-term survival from prostate cancer in an equal-access medical care delivery system, 1995, JAMA vol 274, 20. 3. Vollpp, K., G., M., Epstein, A., J., Williams, S., V., 2006. The Effect of Market Reform

Impact of Illegal Immigrant Workers on the US Economy Essay Example for Free

Impact of Illegal Immigrant Workers on the US Economy Essay Illegal immigration is tightly woven into the fabric of the US economy. Its prevalence impacts all corners of the financial world, but affects the greatest impact on educational funding, healthcare expenditures and taxes. Illegal immigration tends to be viewed from extreme viewpoints in our country often influenced more by personal biases and political opinions than statistical facts. In reality, the positive and negative effects nearly neutralize each other and it has become a delicate balancing act for politicians to create and maintain a system that works to please both sides and retain economic stability. Illegal immigrants are defined as anyone who is not a US citizen and who is in the country in violation of our immigration laws; this could mean anyone who has entered the country undocumented or falsely documented, those with expired visas or any permanent resident who commits a crime after entry and remains after deportation orders. It is virtually impossible to report exactly how many illegal immigrants reside in the country since they deal with fears of deportation they don’t readily identify themselves, but the INS, Census Bureau, and US General Accounting office estimates put the number somewhere between 2 and 12 million. There is also likely fluctuation based on time of year depending on availability of agricultural work. Most of the illegal immigration debate over the last two decades has focused on Mexican immigrants and California has been used as a model for influencing regulations across the country. This is due to the fact that in the US those of Mexican origin account for over 54% of all illegal immigrants and that California houses over 40% of the illegal immigrant population. This is important to recognize because many of the arguments and proposed or passed laws with regards to this issue stem from the Mexican immigration dilemma in California. (Here is what I could recover- I can get it done by Sunday on the school computers if it will make your due date- I am so sorry again. . . I have been freaking out ‘cause of my computer and then I was stuck at work and couldn’t get to any computer all day yesterday.)

Black People and African American Actors Essay Example for Free

Black People and African American Actors Essay Stereotyping is the automatic/ exaggerated mental pictures that people hold about a particular racial group without taking individual differences into consideration. Examples of stereotyping would be the main characters of the movie Rio2, Jewel and Blue being voiced by white actors whilst their ‘wild’ relatives are voiced by ‘non-white’ actors implying sophistication as well as in the movie Despicable Me 2 where El Macho and his son are given a Spanish image portraying a smooth talker and an irresistible lover that is often stereotypes about Spanish people. [87] People seem oblivious to the racial content due to various distractions like visual stimuli such as 3D effects and the contrasting use of color, sound effects such as surround sound and the voices of the character and lastly the plot of the story. Most people are over stimulated by these ‘distractions’ that they rarely notice the stereotyping. Another factor would be that parents neglect the responsibility to screen the movies that their children are watching. In some instances the stereotyping may be instilled in some parents from birth resulting in children seeing stereotyping as normal behavior. [96] Subtle racial prejudices towards Hispanic and Black people in Rio2 were the implication that ‘wild’ Amazonian Macaws voiced by ‘non- white ‘actors are uncivilized. Songs sung by these Macaws are primarily voiced by African American actors accompanied by rhythmic beats and movements with catchy phrases primarily found in native song and dance. Roberto (wild Macaw) is voiced by the singer Bruno Mars who is from a mixture of Jewish and Hawaiian decent implying (help with that word). Pedro and Nico two rapping, gangster, music loving birds are voiced by two equally successful and famous rappers Will.I.Am and Jamie Foxx [99] From this passage I can conclude that even though warnings about stereotyping may be placed before animation movies, many parents would still allow their children to watch it. [31]

Reception of photography

Reception of photography Using a broad range of critical, satirical, and photographic texts, assess the cultural reception of photography in the mid nineteenth century. The mid nineteenth century was a time of great technological advancement, and a more modern way of living came to be that bought with it significant cultural and social change. The industrial age was in full swing (as a consequence of the recent development of the steam engine), and photography was an exciting (but also intimidating) technology that caused incredible debate surrounds its status as an art form, and also the ethical and social issues its conception invoked. Although Daguerre/Fox Talbots Victorian audience were generally a receptive and willing one ready to embrace new and exciting technology (Goldberg 1991), there is significant evidence that shows a mixed cultural reception in regards to the emergence of early photographic processes. Wells (2004 p.12) states that: hailed as a great technological invention, photography immediately became the subject of debates concerning its aesthetic status and social uses Henisch (1994 pg.2) agrees stating intense controversies raged concerning its status and role in society. Photography had a huge impact on the Victorian society, and in 1839 artist Paul Delaroche is said to have claimed hysterically upon first seeing a daguerreotype photograph, from this day painting is dead. Japanese artist Renjio Shinoke also reportedly snapped his paintbrushes and become a pioneer of early Japanese photography (Eastman 1962). Whilst these examples are clearly overt exaggerations (almost to the point of satire) , they also highlight genuine fears and anxieties felt by artists (especially portrait) and critics alike, which stimulated and engaged the Victorian society in a plethora of debates surrounding the cultural, ethical and social impact the emergence of photography raised . The majority accepted its ability to record mechanically accurate images that are free of discrimination, but photographys status as an art form (or a creative medium) was much less certain , and something that was fiercely contested. Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867), a French Poet artist (and well known and very vocal critic of early photography) wrote: If photography is allowed to deputize for art, it will not be long before it has supplanted or corrupted art altogether (Baudelaire 1859 pg.297) Baudelaire suggests photography simply should not be allowed to supplant more traditional artistic methods, and to allow it do so would not only undermine, or negatively impact art, but corrupt it altogether. Baudelaire was not alone, as Goldberg (1991 pg.10) declares William Wordsworth shared in Baudelaires cynical view of photography, and in the 1840s penned a sonnet which declared the degradation of mans noblest attire', and expressed fears that a dumb art would lead his once-intellectual land back to the caves. Here Wordsworth is stipulating photographys potential to instigate the death of human intellect, and again, whilst such arguments are surely sensationalist, these declarations shows that not only was there an opposition to photographys ability to render art useless, but also a fear that its mechanical nature would dumb down society by removing a large part of the human aspect from the creative process. Both views show people believed (among what we can consider high artist s) that photography was a genuine threat to the fine arts of the time. Perhaps artists felt threatened by the technology? Threatened by its ability to so effortlessly paint reality, and ultimately achieve what they had been trying to do for long? Satirical publications in circulation in the mid nineteenth century, of which Punch magazine was the most popular, produced a number of cartoons highlighting these very issues. One such untitled illustration (1860 pg. 140) portrays a fashionable photographer forbidding smoking in his studio, as he declares himself not a common artist. Clearly an underhanded attack on the attitudes photographers took to their work which wasnt shared by their critics. Another satirical sketch, titled How the Famous Photographer Nadar Elevates Photography to the Level of Art show the French artist and photographer Fà ©lix Nadar taking to the sky in an air balloon, clutching a camera under his arm, physically lifting photography into the realms of high art. Su ch a picture of absurdity is surely meant to openly ridicule photography and its quest to be recognised as fine art. The latter picture serves a secondary purpose though, as Nadar was famous for his unsuccessful attempt to build a gigantic air balloon named Le Gà ©ant (or The Giant) around the same time as his photographic exploits. These are just two examples of many cartoons published around the mid nineteenth century that served to ridicule not only photographys quest for a higher status, but also many criticized the photographic studios and the rising popularity of carte de visite . In the photographic studios defence, famous photographic studio owner Richard Beard ran a series of advertisements for his business that served as much to promote his business as they did to promote photography as an art form. Close scrutiny of one of his earliest advertisements (Beard 1843) circulated in 1843 reveals the words Photography is indeed as grand a step in the fine arts as the steam engi ne was in the mechanical arts. This isnt to say everybody had difficulty accepting photography as true art, as many did indeed lament the skill that was required of a competent photographer, and the innate talent required to turn out a successful exposure. A Victorian periodical titled Once a Week published in 1862 states that To produce a good photograph, it requires a thoroughly artistic hand. Francious Argo (1930), when asked by the French government to assess the daguerreotypes successes concluded that M Daguerres wonderful discovery is an immense service rendered to art. This prompted the French government to subsidise Daguerre a pension of 6,000 francs for life, and his son 4,000 on the understanding they could use and adapt it for their own need (Goldberg 1991). Newell states that Argos memorandum mustnt be taken as a reflection of the attitudes of all artists to the new discovery. It appears that it was mainly established artists that held the biggest contempt for photograph y, and I believe not only suggests a fear for their livelihoods, but also a fear that the status of artist, usually reserved for a chosen few, would know be available to anyone with enough money to purchase a camera. It is difficult to truly gauge just how profoundly photography affected art in these early days, but it can be certain it was definitely believed at least possible by many that photography could be a form of artistic expression. as Goldberg (1981 pg.20) states photography and art have always been tangled, are tangled still. Millions of daguerreotype portrait photographs were taken in the 1840s and 1850s (to the dismay of photographys critics) as it began to supersede the more traditional painted portraitures. As Goldberg (1991 pg.12) states: After 1839 people who were not wealthy enough to commission portraits by a painter like Jean-Augusta-Dominique Ingres were no longer had to do with silhouettes and stiff pink renditions of their faces turned out by itinerant painters Portrait painters simply couldnt supply the demand necessary, and the affordability and fast turnaround of mainly studio based daguerreotype photographers (there were also the travelling carts) could offer was simply impossible to match. Photographic studios were the staple of early photography, the most famous of which were the Beard chain of studios (aptly ran by Richard Beard) which began opening in London in 1943. His studios were incredibly successful and lucrative business opportunity at the time, as the deal he made with Daguerre (who held the patent to his process) ensured his studios were the only ones in the UK throughout the early years of photography. Punch magazine (18 ran numerous satirical cartoons that highlighted what appears to be a clear distaste for the photographic studio. One cartoon named Step in, and be done sir! features a cat trying to lure a mouse into a photographic studio. More an echo of the society in which photography was operating, this piece could be looked at in a number of different ways. Perhaps the photographer being the cat (fat cat) and the enchanted lower/middle classes being the mice, echoing how the sitters are led into the studios under what could be considered false pretences in order to have their money relieved of them. Julia F Munro (2009 pg.167) states: George Dodd personified the by-then popular process of photography as the optical stranger, and as [s]trange, scientific, mournful, all at once. Such a figuration typifies the Victoria reaction to the uncanny qualities of the new technology. This statement was retrieved from an article entitled Busy with the photograph, published on April 29th 1854, and encapsulates the mixed reactions of the Victorian public towards early photography and more importantly the photographic studio. The idea of the optical stranger was one that was re-enforced by La Gazette de France in 1839, as they declared the invention of photography upsets all scientific theories of light and optics. The whole act of having ones picture taken was seen by many as a mysterious and bizarre concept, and the resulting exposures were often cited as too-real images (Munro 2009 p.168) and encouraged diverse reaction, ranging from that of excitement, to anxiety and fear, often leading to suggestions of magic (the transfiguration of the common photographer to the role of a magician or illusionist). Literature from the mid nineteenth century is rife with personal accounts of visits to local daguerreotype photographers studios and the wonders of photography. A le tter, published in the Times newspaper in 1852, where-by a middle aged man talks of his recent visit to a photography studio discusses how with a fluttering heart he approaches the mysterious apartment. He is of course simply referring to a typical early photographic studio setup, but these anxieties were very real for the everyday person. Another letter, written by a women this time, was published in the Times newspaper in 1854 describes the photographer disappearing into a mysterious closet and alludes to some hocus pocus being indulged in before he returns with the exposed plate. The photos were perceived as taking on a life of their own to a naive Victorian subject. The tone and lack of colour often provoked reactions of dismay, and many linked what were known as the dark mysterious chambers to execution houses (Munro 2009). The small stiff chairs (encouraging the sitter to sit upright), complete with leg clamps. Further controversy was sown by the nature of daguerreotype. Many referred the way a photograph could only be viewed in certain light, and as Munro (2009 pg.172) puts it seemingly wasnt to be seen one moment, only to burst into view the next. Being photographed and indeed even seeing a photograph were completely new and exotic experiences. For many Victorians, photography was too-real, and a large part of the fear was simply a natural reaction to the newness of the communicative medium, and novelty of a strange new and exotic process (Munro 2009 pg.169). The quoted realness of the photos could suggest a sense of fear relating to just how life like the photos were to a first time viewer, or suggest a much more deep routed fear related to magic and the unknown. It wasnt only the daguerreotype that achieved large scale success among the Victorian public. A large trade in what was known as carte de visite photographs soon came about after their circulation became widespread, as highlighted in the Victorian periodical Once a Week. Carte de visite photo graphs were small paper portrait photographs which usually originated from the albumen process (which allowed for paper based prints to be made from the negative, meaning it was a simple process to produce copies). Once a Week (1862 pg 135) states Literary men have a constant sale and their carte de visites were bought for every album. It becomes clear that collecting these small portrait photographs of the rich and famous was a popular pastime among the middle classes. It became so popular among the middle classes that it was often referred to as Cardomania (Once a Week 1862). We can clearly see that there was a need for photography, but these needs arose after its introduction and were not in place before its conception. There was certainly something about early photography which caused an anxiety in the general public, but also fascinated them enough to endure it (even embrace it). It is now widely accepted that photography wasnt truly discovered until 1839, as it was then that Daguerre and Fox Talbot made their discoveries of early photographic processes, the daguerreotype and calotype respectively, and shared them with the world. Goldberg (1991) agrees that it was much earlier when people began to realise a need and take interest in using light as a way of recording images, the need to preserve a moment accurately and without discrimination. Goldberg (1991 pg.10) goes on to state that desire was abroad to catch nature in a net, and that photography came to serve a much needed purpose, one that had been recognised much earlier that its first conception. Indeed as early as the late eighteenth century, devices such as the camera obscura (optical device used mainly to aid drawing) and camera lucida (a piece of technology which allowed artists the ability to precisely record contours of landscape) were rife, and captured the eye of professional and amateur artists alike. Henry Fox Talbot (1800-1877), sometimes referred to as the Grandfather of Photography, was one of many people searching for an answer to the void that existed before the conception of photography, and was most interested in its ability to record nature accurately. Talbot states is his manual The Pencil of Nature (1844) that his photography should be thought of as photogenic drawing. Talbot (1844) goes on to say he pursued his development of the calotype photographic process mainly as a result of his poor ability as an artist. Lewis (1996 pg.16) states: The canon of images to which we are so attached reveals as much and perhaps more about the intervening century Talbots photography, The Open Door for instance, appears to serve very little artistic purpose, and could merely be interpreted as a mechanically accurate recording, something he was simply incapable of doing by hand. On the other it could be seen as an example of how photography could supplant the more traditional arts, an early example of the photographers ability to shape, to frame, and to manipulate reality how he saw fit. We may never know, as whilst we are able to appreciate early photographs, it is impossible to know the original context, how they were read, and indeed, what made them meaningful to the society of which they were a product. It is even more difficult to gauge the early intentions of photographic pioneers. Many widely believed that photography was going to bring a truth to society that had never been seen, its potential as a truth bearer, and an accurate recorder of history. Ernst Mach, an Austrian empiricist (ironically) stated How tranquil politics will be!, an d even the notorious critic Baudelaire (1859 pg. 297) stated photography could be considered a handmade of the arts and sciences although he goes on to say a very humble handmaid. Society became increasingly aware of its benefits as a scientific tool and embraced the possibilities this afforded with open arms: A new found purpose perhaps, a commitment to relating to truth? As Goldberg (1981 pg. 16) states: The engine was an extension of the muscle, the telegraph a superhuman voice, and the photograph an unblinking eye with a new outlook on history and knowledge Baudelaire (1859) also suggests photography was merely a sign of the times, showing that links were made between the mechanical nature of photography and societies rising industrial prowess and reliance on machines. The unstoppable rise of industry so to speak. Wells (2004) states a society will also invest and put time into developing new technologies in order to help satisfy previously unseen social needs, and goes on to summarise (2004 pg. 12) that photography was a consequence, and not a cause of culture. I believe that photography was not a cause of change, but an answer to an unforeseen social need brought about by the emerging modern metropolitan lifestyle. It has become clear to me that there certainly was a need for photography, and the Victorians were fascinated with it, whether they loved it or hated it. As Bede (1855) begins is his satirical book Photographic Pleasure with a metaphor comparing men and womens intrigue with photography to the same intrigue they hold for a h uman child: The ladies are enamoured of him: The gentlemen evince their affection by suggestions for his improvement, and by general attention to his welfare.All are fond of him: everyone is declaring that he is the most beautiful baby yet born to Science. It is entirely feasible that the reason it raised such widespread controversy, why it was so widely debated, and ultimately why it was so popular as an amateur hobby or leisure pursuit was simply because the technology was still in its infancy. It was still new, and fresh. Artists were fearful of photography , not only because their jobs were endangered, but also their status as artists. A profession usually only available to a truly gifted few now had the potential to be available to anyone. These critics only served to fuel the anxieties that were common place among the general public, but, despite this, the public did allow photography room to grow (albeit carefully, and with great caution and concern). It was a new technology which people needed time to come to terms with, time to understand, and time to flourish and co-exist peacefully with other more established art forms in the new, fast paced, and modern Victorian metropolitan lifestyle. Bibliography WELLZ, L. 2004. Photography: A critical introduction. Oxford: Routledge. CLARKE, G. 1997. The Photograph. Oxford: Oxford University Press. BAUDELAIRE, C. 1859. The Salon of 1859. Unknown. BRIGGS, A. 1998. A Victorian Portrait. London: Cassell Publishers Limited. GOLDBERG, V. 1991. The Power of Photography: How photographs changed our lives. New York: Abbeville Publishing Group. BEARD, R. 1843. Advertisement [Accessed 2rd December 2009]. Available from: http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/73604552/Hulton-Archive GOLDBERG, V. 1981. Photography in Print: Writings from 1816 to the present. New York: University of New Mexico Press GREEN-LEWIS, J. 1996. Framing the Victorians. New York: Cornell University Press. HEINZ, K. 1994. The Photographic Experience 1839-1914. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. MARIEN, M. 1997. Photography and its Critics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. MUNRO, J. F. July 2009 The Optical Stranger: Photographic anxieties in British periodical literature of the 1840s and 1850s. Journal of early popular visual culture 7(2) pp167-183. UNKNOWN. 1860 Punch magazine October 6th. p.140 UNKNOWN. 1861 Punch magazine June 1st pg.221 ARGO, F. 1930 Bulletin de la Socià ©tà © Fran?aise de Photographie NEWELL, B., and R. DOTY. 1962. The value of photography to the artist, 1839. The Bulletin of the George Eastman House of Photography [online]. 11 (6), [Accessed December 2nd 2009], pp. 25-40. Available From: http://image.eastmanhouse.org/files/GEH_1962_11_06.pdf Daumier, H. 1862. How the Famous Photographer Nadar Elevates Photography to the Level of Art [Accessed 3rd December 2009]. Available from: http://www.superstock.com/stock-photos-images/463-5227 BEDE, C. 1855. Photographic Pleasures. London: T McLean. UNKNOWN. 1862 Once a Week. Unknown TALBOT, H. F. 1844. The Open Door [Accessed 4th December 2009]. Available from: http://cai.ucdavis.edu/waters-sites/aesthetic_movement/opendoorphoto.jpg BEARD, R. 1843. Advertisement [Accessed 2rd December 2009]. Available from: http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/73604552/Hulton-Archive Daumier, H. 1862. How the Famous Photographer Nadar Elevates Photography to the Level of Art [Accessed 3rd December 2009]. Available from: http://www.superstock.com/stock-photos-images/463-5227 TALBOT, H. F. 1844. The Open Door [Accessed 4th December 2009]. Available from: http://cai.ucdavis.edu/waters-sites/aesthetic_movement/opendoorphoto.jpg

Euthanasia Essay - The Immorality of Physician Assisted Suicide

Euthanasia: the intentional killing by act or omission of a dependent human being for his or her alleged benefit, a highly controversial subject.   Assisted suicide: Someone provides an individual with the information, guidance, and means to take his or her own life. When a doctor helps another person to kill themselves it is called "physician assisted suicide" (Euthanasia.com 1).   This widely debated topic of assisted suicide is immoral and unethical in today's standards.   Most people who commit suicide or wish to commit suicide are mentally ill and make impaired judgments.   Many of those who wish to commit suicide are really just reaching out for help, and disorders such as depression, which lead to attempted suicide, are treatable (Pretzer 1).   For those people suffering with chronic pain from, there have been many advances in pain control and management.   Today in the United States, Physician Assisted Suicide or PAS is illegal in all states except for Oregon.   If PAS were to be legalized in the rest of the country, it would cause major problems.   In the one state that Physician Assisted Suicide is legal there have been major problems and any unhappy people.   Mentally ill patients have been stereotyped as crazy people who have to be locked away so they don't hurt themselves or anyone else.   This is a reality only for a very small portion of mentally handicapped persons.   The majority of the mentally ill are fully capable of living on their own and making just decisions.   They are not a danger to anyone except themselves.   These people are classified as clinically depressed and have a chemical imbalance in their brains that impairs their perspective about their lives.   People suffering from depression are the ones who g... ...d on the alternatives to assisted suicide.   Works Cited Anderson, Kerby. Euthanasia in Oregon. Probe Ministries. 13 Nov. 2001 http://www.probe.org/docs/c-euthan.html>. Cannon, John. Another Look at Euthanasia. Independent Press Association. 13 Nov. 2001 http://www.anotherperspective.org/advoc158.html Euthanasia.com. Euthanasia Definitions. 13 Nov. 2001 http://www.euthanasia.com/definitions.html Langley, Tamora. Physician Assisted Suicide. Voluntary Euthanasia Society. 15 Nov. 2001 http://www.ves.org.uk/Deb_PhyAssSu.html O'Bannon, Randall K., and Burke, J. Balch. Why We Shouldn't Legalize Assisted Suicide. National Right to Life. 13 Nov. 2001 http://nrlc.org/euthanasia/asisuid1.html Pretzer, Michael. Assisted Suicide: Should it be Legal? CNN.com. 15 Nov. 2001 http://www.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/01/25/assisted.suicide.wmd/.

The Effects of Environmental Policy on the Italian Economy, and Population :: Environment Italy Ecology Essays Papers

The Effects of Environmental Policy on the Italian Economy, and Population Introduction. The history of Italy is storied with rich traditions of emperors conquering land and building great empires. The culture of this great time period can still be enjoyed in the many infamous artworks and architectural masterpieces to this day. The pride of the Italian people can be seen in the many expert craftsmanship works in addition to boasting the sixth largest economy in the world. The balance of preserving the many priceless artworks of ages gone by with the byproduct of current economic expansion bodes a challenge to the environmental policies agreed upon by the Italian people. In my paper I will talk about the many aspects of how environmental policies impacts the population, economy and Italy’s natural resources. First I will provide background knowledge of the Italian people then I relate environmental topics such as air pollution, population trends and water management to one another. These topics are relevant to this course because they relate population and economics to the environment. Italy is a nation of 56, 735,130 million people strong www.expage.com/page/rozitaly2. One aspect of the new global Italian economy is driven by the artisanship and entrepreneurship of its people. The craftsmanship is renowned worldwide and one specific example of that was when the New York Financial Center was built, Italian marble and its stonemasons were explicitly used. Italians also are generally more business minded with the household savings rate of Italians shown to 3 average 18.3%; almost three times higher than of Americans. Also over 85% of Italians own two or more homes. Although differences are apparent between the north and south regions as many Italians live significantly better in the north region. Italy like many other nations is driven by capitalistic efforts to maximize profits and capital. www.floriapublications. com/italy/life One of the interesting differences about Italy compared to other various countries is the way government and its people perceive one another. As money is a main component in global markets, Italy crisis over tax obligations remain high. Up to recently higher taxes top the income rate of 51% and the public debt amounts to 124% of the GNP. Higher employment rates around 11% are misleading due to the large amount of so-called black market and under the table paid by cash only workers. Social security taxes are seldom reported and pension problems do exist. The lack of reporting or no reporting can supposedly add 19% of the value –added taxes go uncollected and unnoticed. The police largely look the other way and known black markets go on. The role of money is the fuel that drives the goods and services being bought and sold in the

Cyberspace in William Gibsons Neuromancer :: essays research papers

Cyberspace in William Gibson's Neuromancer As described by William Gibson in his science fiction novel Neuromancer, cyberspace was a "Consensual hallucination that felt and looked like a physical space but actuallly was a computer-generated construct representing abstract data." Years later, mankind has realized that Gibson's vision is very close to reality. The term cyberspace was frequently used to explain or describe the process in which two computers connect with each other through various telephone lines. In this communication between the two systems there seems to be no distance between them. There are now four catagories that describe the major components of todays cyber space. One oof those is commercial on-line services. These large computer systems can host thousands of users simultaneously. When a computer user purchases an account from the company they recieve a screen name and a password. The user then can use his or her screen name and password to log on and use the system. Most of the online systems have chat rooms where users can chat in real time with one another. some users even think of on-line services as a community. The second catagory involves Bulletin Boards or (BBS's). These services allow the user accounts like their larger on-line service cousins. These BBS's have less users because they run on smaller computers. The system operators, more commonly known as sysops, are running the boards. Since most BBS's are hobbies there is usually no charge for an account. The same as on-line services, users use BBS's for trades, games, and to chat among other users. Since bulletin boeard are so easy to set up there are thousands of them located around the world. Each board has a theme. These themes range from astronomy to racist neo-nazi crap. A boards theme helps users in their search for a board that will satisfy their personal preference. A third catagory is the Private System. These private systems sometime run bulletin boards privately, not letting the public acess. In these private systems users can perform specialized computer operations, or access to data. Through this private network users within a company can send mail, faxes, and other messages to each other through the companies computer network. If a worker was to look up a customers information he could access it through the companies private network. The public can not get access to the companies private system unless he or she knows the systems password. The fourth and last catagory is computer networks. These collections are a group of connected computers that exchange information. One of the most well known is the internet. The internet is the so called "network of networks.

Changes That Have Occurred To The National Curriculum Education Essay

‘Since the debut of the National Curriculum in 1992, a figure of alterations have been made to its construction and execution. Identify and explicate these alterations and measure the part of the National Curriculum in the attempt to raise criterions in Education ‘ . By Keith Lyons This essay will depict, place and explicate the alterations that have occurred to the ‘National Curriculum ‘ ( NC ) since its construct in 1992. It will besides measure these alterations and measure the benefits and troubles that it has experienced since 1992. The ‘Education Reform Act ‘ ( ERA ) came into consequence in 1988, this enabled Kenneth Baker the Conservative Minister of Education to implement the roll-out of the National Curriculum in 1992 within primary / secondary instruction. However, prior to 1992 there had been no National Curriculum and antecedently instructors had worked out their ain strategies of work that they deemed appropriate for their students. As a consequence of this the criterion of instruction across the state varied well and the methods employed to learn were wide-ranging. With the execution of the National Curriculum in 1992, duty was shifted off from instructors to centralized authorities over what was to be taught. The National Curriculum established a ‘set-framework ‘ of larning to enable kids to travel freely between schools as they would be larning from the same model. The National Curriculum ensured that schools taught a certain scope of topics, this consisted of 10 topics. The topics were divided into two sub-categories ( nucleus and foundation ) . The three chief nucleus topics were English, Maths and Science, and together with seven other foundation topics ( Art, Home Economics. Music, History, a Modern Foreign Language ( merely compulsory in secondary schools ) , Geography and Physical Education created the foundation of the National Curriculum. Compulsory National trials ( SATS ) were introduced at 7, 11 and 14 on nucleus topics. The consequences are published yearly in conference tabular arraies ( along with GCSE/A degrees and hooky statistics ) . Changes occurred to the National Curriculum from its origin. Rather than being embraced the National Curriculum was met with ill will from some instructors and most of the larger instructors brotherhoods. One of the chief unfavorable judgments of the National Curriculum by instructors and learning brotherhoods was that at first glimpse that it contained far excessively many topics and was considered to be excessively stiff, compared to what was antecedently taught. This meant that it was hard to learn the topic good as the pupils had to larn so many topics, and they presumed that it would be really hard for pupils. The National Curriculum was besides criticized for being highly ‘Eurocentric ‘ , as it was chiefly focused around European civilization, giving those from cultural backgrounds really small chance to larn about their roots. Certain subdivisions of the populace besides argued that the authorities deliberately fashioned the National Curriculum to take topics which they as a political party are against for political grounds, such as sociology, political relations, and environmental scientific disciplines ( they were ne'er contained in the National Curriculum ) . However, a benefit to the National Curriculum was that instructors now had to educate pupils in a scope of topics. This gave kids / pupils a better start for the accomplishments they would necessitate for subsequently in life. It was besides disputed that the national Curriculum helped to cut down the division of misss and boys topics, as both sexes were taught the same topics. This helped to cut down the stereotyping of gender. In 1993, instructors decided to boycott the national course of study proving agreements ( SATS ) after kicking about the work load. The Secretary of State for Education, in a move in the right way asked Sir Ron Dearing, who was the current Chairman of the School Curriculum and Assessment AuthorityHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bookrags.com/tandf/school-curriculum-and-assessment-tf # p2000a9f68830215001 † ( SCAA ) , to reexamine the national course of study. Dearing made an Interim Report in 1993 and a Final Report in 1994 ( The Dearing Report ) after a period of audience with instructors and the instructors brotherhoods. In his study his recommended on slimming down the course of study, and bettering its disposal. He besides recommended that the slimmed down national course of study should non be altered for five old ages and that national trials should be simplified without giving cogency or dependability. The revised course of study was implemented from August 1995. The 1992, Ofsted ( The Office for Standards in Education ) formed as portion of the major inspection and repair and centralization of the school system begun by the Education Reform Act 1988, which introduced the National Curriculum, extended testing in schools and the publication of conference tabular arraies. Ofsted reviews were carried out on school every 6 old ages. This alteration was introduced as it was believed criterions needed to be raised in schools. Many people thought Ofsted reviews were a good thought, if schools were neglecting, it was noticed and steps were put in topographic point in order to better these schools. However, Ofsted were besides frequently seen to be excessively rigorous on schools, doing it hard for schools to go through review extremely. Besides, it was felt that many instructors and schools would better their instruction criterions while they were being inspected. Some schools would besides direct some of their worst behaved pupils on school trips for the reviews. This defeated the object of Ofsted reviews as it was n't the normal instruction criterions that were being tested. Recent reviews by Ofsted have revealed that although a good proportion of schools had improved since they were last checkered many were calming weakness. Figures released by Ofsted in 2009 show that 11 % of schools checked since last September were rated outstanding, while 9 % were non up to rub. [ Angela Harrison, BBC ] In the twelvemonth 2006-07, 14 % of those checked were outstanding and 6 % were â€Å" unequal † . [ Angela Harrison, BBC ] In 1997, the incoming ‘The New Labour Government ‘ came into power in the UK. They Introduced the National Literacy Strategy to all Primary Schools in England from September 1998 after puting marks for students at Key Stage 2 in English ( 80 % ) , Mathematics ( 75 ) , but non in Science. Previously a pilot undertaking had been tested during 1996, which involved schools in 14 Local Education Authorities. The scheme was planned for instructors to learn a day-to-day Literacy Hour, which followed a form of 30 proceedingss whole category instruction, so group work and reasoning with a plenary session. A figure of paperss have been published by the Department for Education and Employment ( DfEE ) to assist instructors raise criterions in literacy at the clip. The National Literacy Strategy model endeavoured to better criterions for all primary aged students. The scheme ‘s intent was to do certain that all students were having on a day-to-day footing dedicated one hr of literacy. The terminal consequence would give pupils the chance to develop accomplishments in reading, grammar, spelling, and unwritten work and assist raise criterions in instruction and acquisition. In the undermentioned twelvemonth of September 1999 The National Numeracy Strategy model was introduced and like the literacy scheme, aimed at raising criterions for all primary students. Similar to the National Literacy Strategy it prescribed a one hr day-to-day mathematics lesson for all students. The Five Year Review in 2000 set out the chief purposes and intents of the National Curriculum for the first clip. The four chief intents of the National Curriculum are: To set up an entitlement. To set up criterions. To advance continuity and coherency. To advance public apprehension. The National Curriculum has been put into topographic point in the hope that kids will accomplish and will hold an entitlement to larning irrespective of their background, be it race, gender, cultural or otherwise.A It besides makes outlooks for kids ‘s attainment explicit for all concerned and sets out national criterions for performance.A These criterions can so be used for mark scene, mensurating advancement and monitoring patterned advance. The Foundation Stage was introduced by the Labour authorities in 2000, to supply counsel for scenes which provide attention and instruction to pre-school kids ( aged 3 to 5 ) . It was named the Foundation Stage because â€Å" †¦ it lays the foundations for kids ‘s subsequently larning. † [ Neaum and Tallack, 2002 ] . It evolved from the Rumbold Report of 1990, which investigated the educational proviso for the under 5 ‘s, and found that there was a patchy, unplanned course of study which was unsatisfactory. In 2004 a reappraisal was carried out of Key Stage 4, from this reappraisal the debut of ‘Entitlement topics ‘ . The Curriculum Entitlement Framework provides students with entree to a wider scope of larning chances suited to their demands, aptitudes and involvements, irrespective of where they live or the school they attend. In 2007 the authorities abolished formal written Key Stage 1 SATS and replaced them with instructor recorded appraisals. The Key Stage 1 appraisals are really low key and completed by the student ‘s instructor over a period of a few hebdomads so they will be barely cognizant that an appraisal is taking topographic point. In 2008 a reappraisal of Secondary National Curriculum resulted in new Key Stage 3 and 4 Curriculum which was introduced in 2009. This updated portion of the course of study now offers Diplomas and other options to current GCSE and A-level scrutinies. In 2009 the so current Labour authorities announces that Key Stage 3 Sats scrutinies are to be abolished and that Sir Jim Rose will be carry oning a full reappraisal of the Primary National Curriculum. The findings of the study will be implemented from September 2011. In May 2010 a general election was held and ‘New Conservative ‘ / Liberal Democrat authorities came to power under David Cameron and Nick Clegg. The hereafter changes to the new primary national course of study which were put frontward by Sir Jim Rose to be implemented from September 2011 have been shelved, the authorities saying that it does non mean to continue with the new primary course of study. Alternatively they are committed to giving schools more freedom from unneeded prescription and bureaucratism. They have ever made clear their purpose to do alterations to the National Curriculum that will guarantee ‘a grim focal point on the rudimentss and give instructors more flexibleness than the proposed new primary course of study offered. The National Curriculum has undergone considerable alteration and development over the past 20 old ages and is still being altered and adjusted at the present twenty-four hours. Controversy still exists as to the attack instruction should follow for those over the age of 14 testing is thought to be to a great extent based on callback of cognition promoting a deficiency of accomplishment development activities. Many of the original topics that were compulsory no longer are, as it was felt the course of study was excessively full. In my sentiment, since the debut of the National Curriculum, I believe that it was the anchor to greatly bettering the criterions of instruction that kids receive in today ‘s society. This is because before the criterion of instruction pupils received was extremely based on category position and was typically biased towards the in-between / upper category households, another factor was your vicinity in the state. Teachers besides taught a scope of topics that they wished to learn as there were no set subjects so what you could be taught varied across the state. This led to many pupils go forthing school with limited cognition. With the debut of the Literacy and Numeracy hours Sats consequences have increased once more of the subsequent old ages but once more now have slowed to a arrest. As seen in the tabular array below. But on the impudent side holding felt that on the whole the National Curriculum is effectual it is besides slightly flawed. Children are ‘taught to the trial ‘ at a hurt to other topics, and so they are losing out on a wide and balanced course of study. Schools and learning staff will besides acknowledge that they are being forced to â€Å" learn to the trial † ; cutting out topics such as history, geographics and art to blow up their place on national conference tabular arraies or else expression as if they are neglecting. The national trials besides distort kids ‘s instruction as they are being offered a restricted timetable as instructors are forced to concentrate on the nucleus topics. In a figure of schools an accent on trials in English, Mathematics and Science limits the scope of work in these topics in peculiar twelvemonth groups, every bit good as more loosely across the course of study in some primary schools. Having said this, the positive points outweighed the negative greatly as it was the start towards the National Curriculum that we presently have today.

Accountability and Transparency in Public Procurement

Accountability and transparency in public procurement Police chief Hemant Karkare died with bullet proof jacket at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus on 26/11/2008 at 22:45 PM while attacking pakistani terrorists. Bullet Proof jacket was such low quality that does not work! From the above example, we can easily understood the Public procurement is how much transparent in our country. Moreover, It was not published in any newspaper that who is/are accountable for that Bullet Proof jacket(s). Nobody was accountable nor anybody got punishment!!! We can make a lot of SWOT analysis upon accountability and transperancy, public procurement vs. ommercial procurement etc. but the question is what’s the thresold limit of compromising. Not only India, most of the countries alongwith international agencies such as UNDP and the World Bank are in the process of harmonizing and perfecting their approaches to the diagnosis of financial accountability. Such as World Bank’s Country Financial A ccountability Assessment (CFAA) (CFAA assess the risk that public funds may be used illegitimately, inefficiently or ineffectively, by comparing the financial management standards and practices of agencies using funds against an international or ‘best practice’ standard. Sustainable Public Procurement is one major way of seeking to achieve the UNDP’s good governance goal of â€Å"realizing development that gives priority to the poor, advances women, sustains the environment and creates needed opportunities for employment and other livelihoods. † The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) is the first legally binding international anti-corruption instrument. As of 12 July 2012, the convention had been ratified, accepted, approved or acceded to by 161 countries as well as the European Union.On Dec 20, 2011 the Europian Commission officially announced its proposal for the new procurement directives. Literature review Literally accountability mea ns the state of being accountable, liable, or answerable i. e. responsible, by both its people and its elected bodies, for its choices and actions. Transparency denotes the free access to governmental political and economic activities and decisions. Procurement is everything associated with an incoming invoice. This holds true for goods, services, and works.In public procurement transparency and accountability have been recognised as key conditions for promoting integrity and preventing corruption, balancing with other good governance imperatives, such as an efficient management of public resources, providing guarantees for fair competition etc. In order to ensure overall value for money, the challenge for decision makers is to define an appropriate degree of transparency and accountability to reduce risks to integrity in public procurement while pursuing other aims of public procurement. Who is accountable?Every person who is in a position of power on trust is accountable for the u se of that power. Within the execution of any system, there is a hierarchical structure by which each level is accountable to the next higher level, from desk clerk to the cabinet. For instance, the clerk who failed to maintain up-to-date records, the Officer who failed to supervise the Clerk, the Head of Department who is answerable to Parliament, but failed to get sufficient trained staff etc. and so on. But it is easy to pin down who is accountable. Public Procurement & Transparency The goal of Public procurement are : ) serving the organisation, b) appropriate use of public funding, c) efficient use of public funding, d) accountability, e) value for money etc. But the real picture of public procurement is horrible ! The most common practice is â€Å"Low Bid† or H1 bidder. But the â€Å"low bid† is equated to a poor quality standard have often soured the public perception of the profession, even though the interpretation of some of these decisions may have been repo rted out of context. Even through e-procurement always there is a gap exists. Secondly supplying Low quality by paying bribe to govt. fficials is a very common practice. Generally Political powerholder to government servants are engaged in circumvention of their own laws. Lot of examples are failure of budget estimates of revenues and expenditures, avoidance of credit limits through an accumulation of unpaid bills, transfer of amounts toward the end of the year to deposit accounts to avoid lapse of funds, manipulation of performance data and associated means. Hence economic growth and policy measures may not be formulated. General public may not always know what the government is doing.While some countries review of the estimates by the audit agency, or through an assessment by credit rating agencies but this practice work against financial accountability. There are vital gaps in most public budgets and accounts. In several cases, they do not provide information on tax expenditures, outstanding guarantees, non-financial assets, and liabilities including contingent ones. Public procurement operations are subject to various controls: local controls, accounting controls, controls made by fiscal authorities, as well as external controls and audits.As public procurement has become more decentralised, a key concern is the lack of co-ordination between various controls, which has led to some loopholes and overlaps in controls over the procurement process. Only a few countries have mechanisms to ensure coordination of control. A related difficulty is to maximise the use of information produced by different controls. Demand for Public Procurement Public procurement created by external demands. As we know that these are transparency, integrity & accountability. Transparency refers to openness and equal opportunities for all interested bidders.Integrity refers to avoiding improper, wasteful or corrupt and fraud practices. Accountability refers to the fact that public pro curement authorities are responsible for effective, legal, and ethical way of procurements. Public procurement is affected by distinct internal demands. This is serving multiple political goals. This complicates public procurement, because sometimes it is not clear to identify the influence of political powers on public procurements. The second internal demand is serving a large amount of stakeholders. These various stakeholders may have different objectives.Ultimately Common public suffers. There are other factors also affects on the procurement process. 1) Demands on the process from legal regulations. 2) Public procurement is restricted from engaging into long-term relationships with their suppliers. 3) Absence of a perfect competition in public procurement may affects by various ways. Benefits of accountability Poverty is the biggest challenge facing the globe in the new millennium. Government is less accountable and responsive to citizens. All the citizens do not get equal acce ss to government services.Conversely, improvements in governance are associated with higher per capita income, higher adult literacy, lower infant mortality and reduced poverty. Fiscal transparency is a necessary condition for sound economic governance. Timely publication of a budget document enables the market to evaluate government’s intentions and allows itself a constructive discipline on the government. Transparency increases the political risk of unsustainable policies. A transparent public financial accounting policy makes it possible to determine what the government has done and to compare budgeted and actual financial operations.Further, open procurement policies not only facilitate the achievement of basic macroeconomic policy objectives, but also increase the productivity of public expenditure. One of the underlying objectives of improved transparency and accountability is to reduce the extent of corruption in the management of governmental affairs. Points to ensur ing accountability and transparency in public procurements are : Accurate records: A pre-condition for accountability and control. Internal control: A management instrument for improvement. External audit: Must for SWOT analysis.Challenging procurement decisions: Complaint and recourse mechanisms with ensuring public scrutiny. Hence the steps to be taken are: a) Strengthening parliamentary control in big infrastructure projects. b) Governments to reduce the high costs and the distortion effect of corruption in public procurement. c) Ensuring transparency at all phases of procurement, from demand creation to contract management and payment, through unrestricted access to all documents for the Monitor and for all activities, which brings both policy and technical expertise to the project. ) Providing adequate incentives and sanctions for both the public authority and bidders i. e. equal opportunity; f) Provide the right environment for detecting corruption and protects against it. Bes ides raising awareness about the structure and the application of the public procurement systems, we should follow the International common methodology for benchmarking and assessing public procurement systems. The Capacities of Supporting Transparency and Accountability by our civil society is the strength of novel and innovative progress. PARTHA MUKHERJEE [email  protected] com (1018 words)

Animal Farm, Snowball Essay

He led a revolution, became a scapegoat, and was exiled from his home lane. This person was Leon Trotsky, a Russian Marxist revolutionary. In the novel Animal Farm, Trotsky came out through a pig named Snowball. Throughout the novel, Trotsky is brought up more and more through snowball. Leon Trotsky is represented through Snowball by the many life events they had in common. Snowball was chased away from the farm and became an exile by Napoleons trained dogs. In Trotsky’s life, he too became an exile from his home. He sent away and banned from returning. In addition, Napoleon claimed that all the ideas that had come from Snowball were actually all his own creations. â€Å"One of them all but closed his jaws on Snowballs tail, but Snowball whisked it free just in time. Then he put on an extra spurt†¦ slipped through a hole†¦ and was seen no more†(68). This is a quote from the scene where Snowball becomes banned from the farm. After Snowball takes charge over the farm for some time, his comrade, Napoleon comes to despise him. Snowball and Napoleon never agree on anything. Napoleon did not want the animals to side with Snowball, he always argued against Snowballs ideas and was never friendly towards him. What also went on was Napoleon, showing his hatred for Snowball, examined the layouts Snowball had made for the windmill and urinated over the plans. Napoleon showed his disgust by urinating on something that was important to Snowball. â€Å"†¦looked closely at every detail of the plans†¦ then suddenly he [Napoleon] lifted his leg, urinated over the plans, and walked away†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (65). Obviously the action that Napoleon just committed shows hatred for Snowball. After Snowball was gone from the farm, he became a scapegoat for Napoleon. It was suddenly Snowballs fault that the windmill had collapsed. Napoleon needed a reason for it to have fallen, and who better to blame than Snowball, that way the animals would want revenge by building a stronger one; exactly what Napoleon wanted. In addition, it was announced that Snowball had been sneaking onto the farm to steal corn, break eggs and what not. Whatever bad thing that occurred was automatically put on Snowball by Napoleon. â€Å"Whenever anything went wrong it became usual to attribute it to Snowball†(88). With hardly ever any proof, Snowball was always the scapegoat. In conclusion, it is obvious how Snowball went through the events of Leon Trotsky’s life. From having his ideas stolen to becoming a scapegoat, he led the life of a famous revolutionary leader, though it wasn’t a very good life, he made a big impact on all of his comrades and will never be forgotten.

Experimental Hypnosis

Hypnosis is defined as â€Å"A trancelike state resembling sleep, usually induced by a therapist by focusing a subject's attention, that heightens the subject's receptivity to suggestion. The uses of hypnosis in medicine and psychology include recovering repressed memories, modifying or eliminating undesirable behavior (such as smoking), and treating certain chronic disorders, such as anxiety† (American Heritage, 2012). Its name comes from the Greek language â€Å"hypnos† meaning sleep. Hypnosis is a natural state of mind.This state of mind is known as hyper- suggestibility where a subject is more prone to change if guided by the hypnotherapist in the direction of his desire. While in this hyper- suggestible state, the mind has the power to change an association, get rid of old pains or accept new behaviors. The first to start studying the use of hypnosis was Franz Anton Mesmner in 1700, a Swiss medical doctor that noticed that patients with pains responded very well to inductions of sleep, which allowed them to lower their pains. A revision of Mesmer’s theories was made by the English Doctor James Braid.He coined the name hypnosis, and that is why he is regarded as the father of hypnosis. Dr. Braid used hypnosis extensively in his medical practice. Sigmund Freud also used hypnosis and was impressed by the therapeutic potential of hypnosis for neurotic disorders, but his focus on the mysterious element of sexual nature made him abandon it for psychoanalysis, and with the beginning of psychoanalysis the focus on hypnosis started to decline. In 1958 the American Medical Association recognized hypnosis as a legitimate cure in medicine.In May 2001, at the Australian Medical Association, Dr.  K Phelps stated, â€Å"as evidence emerges that some complementary medicines are effective, then it becomes ethically impossible for the medical profession to ignore them† (Cowen, 2004). In this statement she is referring to some alternative medici ne practices including hypnosis. The mind is the power behind it all, and hypnosis guides this power to heal mind, body and soul; thus hypnosis is a useful tool to cure mental disorders. Hypnosis should be used more often in psychological treatment because it is an effective, safe and proven tool.Hypnosis was proved to be effective by several Doctors and therapists in the field. It all started with Mesmer and his animal magnetism. He noticed that by passing his hands close to the body to allow the â€Å"magnetic fluid† to flow from his fingertips into the client’s body, he could restore balance and health, and it only took three sessions for a diseased person to heal. People were amazed by how clients would be cured from incurable conditions, but Mesmer clashed with the medical field when a client cured of blindness relapsed. Then he moved to Paris where he practiced magnetism.James Braid was an English surgeon and writer on hypnotism. He is the one that coined the nam e hypnosis and demonstrated that it was not animal magnetism, but it was just achieved by suggestion. His writings are what led to future research and development of hypnosis and the investigation of what was later called the unconscious mind (E. Hilgard, 1984). Milton Erickson, the founder of Hypnocounseling, was a major influence in practices of counseling and psychotherapy, and his methods are without doubt the fasted growing in the western world in the field of psychotherapy.He was also one of the most prominent founders of neurolinguistic programming (NLP). He was also very influential in the in family and brief systemic therapy model of the Mental Health Research Institute. His work has been so original and creative that he was nicknamed â€Å"Mr. Hypnosis† (Gunnison, H. , 1990). He also was the founder and first president of the American Society for Clinical Hypnosis, as well as the first editor of its journal. Erickson goal was to give back to their clients their pers onal power and control over their lives with the use of â€Å"implied directive language.†Instead of saying, â€Å"Sit back in the chair, relax, and listen to my voice†, he would say: â€Å"You can sit back in the chair and you might even relax and listen to my voice. † â€Å"The word can suggests that you have the ability to sit back in your chair and also sets up an implied choice, that ‘you can choose to sit back in the chair, if you want to-or not’† (Gunnison, H. , 1990). â€Å"The use of words such as can, might, could, and possibly makes for communication that remains tentative, open, highly respectful of the client’s world and wishes, and implying client choice and power.IDL exists at the heart of hypnocounseling. † (Gunnison, H. , 1990). His hypnotic language was focused on enabling the clients to believe that they could change, since the root of all people’s problem is that they do not know how to change and they do not think they can change. But Erickson knew that changing is easy; the way to make it happen is for the person to believe they can change and to make a â€Å"choice,† to make the â€Å"decision† to change. Without that permission the mind will always keep the old program because the subconscious mind follows orders and past decisions like a slave.It will not change because one hopes to change or because one wants to change. It only changes when one tells it to change, when one makes that important decision like: I decided to quit smoking; I am doing it today; I decided to let go of all past hurts and to be happy now; I choose to be a success regardless of what others think of me, and so on. In order to enable the client Erickson would use suggestions such as: â€Å"You can begin to change when you choose implies that you have the ability to change and the presupposition denotes, of course, that you will when you choose to.This is an effective strategy for changin g perceptions† (Gunnison, H. , 1990). Another of his powerful suggestions is: â€Å"You can now curiously take this time to wonder about different ways to change. Isn’t it exciting to realize that you have the power to choose different ways of being? † (Gunnison, H. , 1990) (The italicized words will be said with a higher or lower tone of voice to emphasize them. Another successful technique is called Reframing. â€Å"Reframing represents the idea that individuals can â€Å"break out of limiting misconceptions to a broader understanding of human possibilities† (Gunnison, H., 1990).A picture will look totally different in a pink frame or in a black frame. In order to accomplish this, Erickson would use techniques like: â€Å"You know I can hear your sadness and loss and at the same time I sense a very deep courage inside of you that you can draw upon. Isn’t it interesting that we can discover strengths we didn’t realize we had during times o f travail and pain? † (Gunnison, H. , 1990). Hypnosis is safe. The general belief about hypnosis is that the hypnotist will be in control of the client’s mind while under hypnosis.The truth is that every form of hypnosis is a form of self-hypnosis where the hypnotist just guides the client to let go of the old associations and accept new ones. The heightened concentration created by hypnosis makes resource retrieval and association easier for the client's Adult and Child. Hypnosis allows the client to effortlessly shift attention to supportive ego states and build strong associations between each of them and offers the resources the Child needs to maintain the re-decision†(Singer, W. B. , 1952).Change is a much easier process under hypnosis, where the mind is more suggestible and open to change than during the wakening state where the mind is protecting itself from change. The way the session works is that the hypnotist tests responsiveness to find out the level o f susceptibility with suggestibility techniques. The session starts with the induction technique that allows the client to enter the hypnotic state; deepening techniques are then used to facilitate a deeper state of hypnosis and therefore of susceptibility.While the client is in this deeper state, the hypnotist will use hypnotic suggestions to attempt to create new associations in the client’s mind while allowing old unwanted associations to be removed. There are many things the hypnotist can do while the client is in this state. A very successful technique is the abreaction extinction technique. This technique is very useful for people that had small or big traumas that created a mental or psychosomatic scar. This metaphorical â€Å"scar† is the one responsible, most of the time, for client’s disorders like depression, anxiety, guilt and sabotaging behavior, addictions, and so on.The abreaction happens when the hypnotist asks the subconscious mind to bring up a significant emotional event that hurt and caused the particular issue that the client wants fixed. The subconscious will bring up an image of an event or a memory that created the problem in the first place. The hypnotist can then extinguish the cause and create new associations to replace it. I had a personal experience with this last one where for nine years I suffered from debilitating, atrocious pain cramps from periods. While I was under hypnosis and I was asked for the memory to come up, a memory actually did come up.It was an event that was not that big a deal for me, but as soon as I saw that memory in my mind I thought: I must have done something wrong to deserve this. This was a phrase that continuously I would never even think about having, but my subconscious did. The skilled hypnotist removed that association and two days later I was shopping with no period cramps, something that never happened in the previous nine years. Another technique that is quite a success is th e switching technique. In this technique the clients are asked to remember an event where they felt how they would like to feel today.For a person that was happy and then got depressed, or for a person that was successful and then got broke, this is a very useful technique. The reason why is that many people are happy as they grow up; as kids they play, and their parents take care of the bills and protect them from harm, and everything is wonderful. One day, as grown ups, they get a bad experience. The husband dies, they lose their business or their home, somebody steals from them, and the clients start developing mental distortions or disorders or even start suffering from psychosomatic diseases.With this technique the hypnotist can easily re-create the old association in the client’s mind by simply switching the bad association with the old new one. The clients will then be back to the old happy people they wanted to continue to be. At the end the clients are slowly awakene d. One of the best and most powerful hypnotic techniques is the post-hypnotic suggestion technique. This was greatly used in the Veterans Administration Hospital, Vancouver, Washington, where there were very few beds available and many requests for them.Therefore the hospital adopted the use of hypnotherapy to speed up the improvement of their patients in order to free beds quickly. Patients were given post-hypnotic suggestions that when they were coming to group meetings they were going to discuss their problems and have a high level of motivational participation allowing their patients to improve faster. (Singer, W. B. , 1952). One of the most amazing post-hypnotic suggestion is the one used to change neuron pathways. For example, people that have addictions have automatic responses to triggers. They smoke after dinner, in the car, after class and so on.They have created a habit. In this case the hypnotist gives a post-hypnotic suggestion to reverse the habit. A good suggestion wo uld be: Every time you finish eating, you just enjoy the flavors in your mouth and even if you think about smoking a cigarette, you can’t, so go back to the things you need to be doing. In this post-hypnotic suggestion the clients will be amazed to see that after dinner they will try to go for the cigarette, but they will refuse it. In some hard cases the suggestion would be: Every time you put a cigarette to your mouth you experience that bad taste in your mouth as if it were puke.Of course the client needs to give permission to this suggestion, but it is very successful and many clients, as soon as they put their cigarette in their mouth, they literally will puke: That is how powerful the suggestion is. Another example of post-hypnotic suggestion is people will experience a bad event which will trigger them to become depressed, and days later they forget about the event, but still feel depressed not knowing why. In these cases the hypnotist gives a post-hypnotic suggestion that every time there is a bad event, they can still feel good and move on.Therefore, clients that are in hard life situations and still are able to handle them with a smile on their face, because the suggestion has been programmed and the mind no longer accepts being sad from outside forces. Another very useful post-hypnotic suggestion is for people that focus on problems. The mind can focus on either negative or positive, either problems or solutions. It can only think one thing at the time; therefore if people think about the problem, the mind would not give them a solution.At the same time, if the person focuses on the negative, the mind would not be able to think of the positive; hence, the person focusing on the negative will start to become depressed because the mind only sees negative. This could be represented in John Milton’s quote, â€Å"The mind is its own place, and in itself can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven†. In this case the post-hypnotic sugg estion would create an auto response that every time the person starts to think negative or problems, the mind will quickly just focus on solutions, focus on the positive while fixing the problem.The amazing fact is that this is all it takes to cure depression in a few sessions. This is confirmed by many therapists. One of them, Elke Kellis, wrote that the use of hypnosis has been well documented and is highly effective for depression. â€Å"Hypnosis can be useful in deepening and enhancing particular cognitive interventions such as cognitive restructuring, increasing confidence, coping better with life’s challenges, shifting focus from failure to successes, enhancing a sense of control, improving relaxation, and increasing frustration tolerance† (Kellis, E., 2011).Also, Assen Alladin from the University of Calgary Medical School, Alberta, Canada â€Å"advanced six clinical reasons for using hypnosis in treating depression: hypnosis a) amplifies subjective experience; b) serves as a powerful method for interrupting symptomatic patterns; c) facilitates experiential learning; d) helps to bridge and contextualize responses; e) provides different and more flexible models of inner reality and f) helps to establish focus of attention†. (Alladin, A. , 2010).Hypnosis could cure most people’s problems if the medical field would turn to what really works, rather than synthetic chemicals. In order to do that there needs to be a clear goal in the medical field: find the solution for each patient. This requires too much time and money and doctors need to care a great lot about their patients to switch to something more time and money consuming when they can resort to the lazy, cheap, money building â€Å"magic pill†. Therefore hypnosis is still not as widespread as other therapies.It has been disappearing for the same reason home cooking and exercise have been disappearing. Less work is what people will choose first. As Roberto A. Ingram M. D. states: â€Å"If hypnosis was as respected as morphine, it would become a tremendous weapon in the physician’s armamentarium. † (P. G. O'C. , 1998) â€Å"Hypnosis has been receiving increased attention in the medical literature. It has been considered for use in acute pain management along with a variety of disease states† (P. G. O'C. , 1998).The article â€Å"Hypnotic Analgesia Affects the Processing of Painful Stimuli,† published by the Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, describes some interesting findings: â€Å"Different brain mechanisms are involved in the processing of painful stimuli under hypnotic analgesia and attentional distraction instructions and support previous research findings that the differentiation of behavioral, subjective and electrophysiological responses may be a result of a dissociation between the processing of sensory information and the cognitive evaluation of that information† (Williams, J.D . , Croft, R. J. , Ferdinand, J. J. , & Gruzelier, J. H. , 2011).Hypnosis is a powerful tool in medicine. According to Hammond (2008) hypnosis is so powerful that in the 1800s James Esdaile, an English surgeon stationed in India, did open heart surgery with the sole use of hypnosis as an anesthesia. â€Å"This historic example †¦ provides powerful documentation of the ability of the mind to influence the body†. (Hammond, D. , 2008)Hypnosis is also very effective in the cure of psychosomatic diseases. Many empirical facts prove this, as in the Canadian article â€Å"Treatment of psychosomatic disorders†: â€Å"Many years ago ‘I made wide use of hypnosis for the removal of psychosomatic symptoms ‘by direct suggestion as well as for abreactive purposes. The results obtained in cases of monosymptomatic hysteria were encouraging. In patients with organ neuroses and in those with psychosomatic structural diseases†. (Wittkower, E. , 1964).Hypnotherapy is very successful in curing many diseases, and most of the diseases are psychosomatic (American Medical Association stated that 90% of diseases are indeed psychosomatic). Physicians should do more of it instead of using drugs that have high price tags and terrible side effects. However, it is more profitable and less time consuming to just give a pill that gives the effect the person wants, rather then using time and money to find the source of the problem and eradicate it.In conclusion, hypnosis is the power the heals mind, body and soul. It is a tool that has been researched for years, starting from Messner, a medical doctor in Austria, continuing with with James Braid a surgeon that gave it its name and with Erickson which created many methodologies and suggestions that were highly effective in the cure of mental and physical disorders.Hypnosis gives the therapist the ability to guide the client to remove old negative patterns with the use of abre action extinction techniques an d to replace it with positive association that will in the long run allow the client to be who he/she wants to be and also to lower stress which will improve overall health. Hypnosis is a proven tool to let go of addictions and to cure many mental and physical disorders and the world needs to be informed of its powers in order to get back in charge of its health. There is no â€Å"magic pill†; people need to cure themselves with the possible alternative tools that are out there.